In this paper, we used the term data plane evolution for this deviation. Then, an overview of the SDN-related research was presented with the aim of identifying the key factors influencing the gradual deviation from the original data plane architectures given with ForCES and OpenFlow specifications. The first part of the survey is dedicated to the evaluation of actual data plane architectures through several definitions and aspects of data plane flexibility and programmability. Therefore, this paper gives a comprehensive overview of the data plane survey with a particular emphasis on the problem of programmability and flexibility. By analyzing the SDN-related research papers, it is observed that research, from the very beginning, is insufficiently focused on the data plane. The role of the switch in the data plane is to simply forward packets based on the instructions given by the controller. The application plane executes network applications, the control plane regulates the rules for the entire network based on the requests generated by network applications, and based on the set rules, the controller configures the switches in the data plane. The architecture of SDN clearly recognizes three planes: application, control, and data planes. Software-defined networking (SDN) has attracted the attention of the research community in recent years, as evidenced by a large number of survey and review papers.
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